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A Multidisciplinary Bibliography
The Arts and Humanities
Language & Literature
Movin' On by Irmagean If there is a single distinguishing feature of the literature of black women--and this accounts for their lack of recognition--it is this: their writing is about black women; it takes the trouble to record the thoughts, words, feelings, and deeds of black women, experiences that make the realities of being black in America look very different from what men have written. There are no women in this tradition hibernating in dark holes contemplating their invisibility; there are no women dismembering bodies or crushing skulls of either women or men; and few, if any, women in the literature of black women succeed in heroic quests without the support of other women or men in their communities.
Mary Helen Washington

Abramson, Doris E. "Angelina Weld Grimke, Mary T. Burrill, Georgia Douglas Johnson, and Marita O'Bonner: An Analysis of Their Plays." Sage: A Scholarly Journal on Black Women 2, no. 1 (1985): 9-13.

Acampora, Christa Davis. "'Authorizing Desire: Erotic Poetics and the Aesthesis of Freedom in Morrison and Shange." In Umaking Race, Remaking Soul: Transformative Aesthetics and the Practice of Freedom, eds. Christa Davis Acampora and Angela L. Cotton. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2007.

Accomando, Christina. "The Regulations of Robbers": Legal Fictions of Slavery and Resistance. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2001.

Adair, Zakiya. "Respectable Vamp: A Black Feminist Analysis of Florence Mills' Career in Early Vaudeville Theater." Journal of African American Studies 17, no. 1 (March 2013): 7-21>

Adeleke, Joseph A. "Feminism, Black Feminism, and the Dialectics of Womanism." In Feminism and Black Women's Creative Writing: Theory Practice, and Criticism, ed., Aduke Adebayo. Ibadan, Nigeria: AMD, 1996.

Allan, Tuzyline Jita. Womanist and Feminist Aesthetics: A Comparative Review. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1995.

Alexander, Elizabeth. "The Anxiety of Authority." Women's Review of Books. February 1994, 7-9.

          . Black Interior: Essays Saint Paul, MN: Graywolf Press, 2004.

          . "'Coming Out Blackened and Whole': Fragmentation and Reintergration in Audre Lorde's Zami and the Cancer Journals." American Literary History 6, no. 4 (1994): 695-715. Reprinted in Skin Deep, Spirit Strong: The Black Female Body in American Culture, ed. Kimeberley Wallace Sanders. (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2002).

          . "An Interview with Elizabeth Alexander." Interview by Christine Phillip. Callaloo 19, no. 2 (Spring 1996): 493-507.

          . "Life in the Jet' Stream: Reading Black America's Bible." Voice Literary Supplement March 1994, 23-24.

          . "Memory, Community, Voice." Callaloo 17, no. 2 (1994): 408-421.

          . "'We Must Be about Our Father's Business': Anna Julia Cooper and the In-Corporation of the Nineteenth-Century African American Woman Intellectual." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 20, no. 21 (1995): 336-357.

Alexander, Jacqui. "Remembering This Bridge, Remembering Ourselves: Yearning Memory, and Desire." In This Bridge We Call Home: Radical Visions for Transformation, eds. Gloria E. Anzaldua and Analouise Keating. New York: Routledge, 2002.

Allen, Carol. Black Women Intellectuals: Strategies of Nation, Family, and Neighborhood in the Works of Pauline Hopkins, Jessie Fauset, and Marita Bonner. New York: Garland, 1998.

Anderson, Lisa M. Black Feminism in Contemporary Drama. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2008.

Athey, Stephanie. "Reproductive Health, Race and Technology: Political Fictions and Black Feminist Critiques 1970s-1990s." Sage Race Relations Abstracts 22, no. 1 (February 1997): 3-27.

Athey, Stephanie, ed. Sharpened Edge: Women of Color, Resistance, and Writing. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003.

Awkward, Michael. "A Black Man's Place(s) in Black Feminist Criticism." In Who Can Speak? Authority and Critical Identity, eds. Judith Roof, and Robyn Wiegman. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995; Reprinted in The Black Feminist Reader, eds. Joy James and Tracey Denean Sharpley-Whiting. (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2000); Reprinted in Black Men on Race, Gender, and Sexuality: A Critical Reader, ed. Devon W. Carbado, (New York: New York Universtiy Press, 1999); Reprinted in Traps: African American Men on Gender and Sexuality, eds. Rudolph P. Byrd and Beverly Guy-Sheftall, (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001).

          . "'The Inaudible Voice of it All': Session, Voice, and Action in Their Eyes Were Watching God." In Black Feminist Criticism and Critical Theory, eds. Joe Weixlmann and Houston A. Baker Jr. Greenwood, FL: Penkevill, 1988.

          . Negotiating Difference: Race, Gender, and the Politics of Postionality.Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.

          . "Race, Gender, and the Politics of Reading." Black American Literature Forum 22, no. 1 (1988): 5-27.

          . "'Unruly and Let Loose': Myth, Ideology, and Gender in Song of Solomon." Callaloo 13, no. 3 (1990): 482-.

Baker, Houston A. Workings of the Spirit: The Poetics of Afro-American Women's Writings. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.

Banyiwa-Horne, N. "The Scary Face of the Self: An Analysis of the character of Sula in Toni Morrison's Sula." Sage: A Scholarly Journal of Black Women 2, no. 1 (1985): 28-31.

Bassard, Katherine Clay. "Gender and Genre: Black Women's Autobiography and the Ideology of Literacy." African American Review 26, no. 1 (1992): 119-29.

Bassard, Katherine Clay and Katy L. Chiles. "Spiritual Interrogations: Culture, Gender, and Community in Early African American women's Writings." Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature 21, no. 2 (Fall 2002): 411+.

Batiste, Stephanie. "Hip-Hop and This One-Woman Show." In Home Girls Make Some Noise: Hip Hop Feminsm Antology, eds. Gwendolyn Pough et al. Mira Loma, CA: Parker Publishing, 2007.

Batker, Carol. "'Love Me Like I Like to Be.': The Sexual Politics of Hurston's 'Their Eyes Were Watching God', the Classic Blues and the Black Women's Club Movement." African American Review 32, no. 2 (Summer 1998): 199+.

Beaulieu, Elizabeth Ann. Black Women Writers and the American Neo-Slave Narrative: Femininity Unfettered. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999.

Bell, Roseann P., Bettye J. Parker, and Beverly Guy-Sheftall, eds. Sturdy Black Bridges: Visions of Black Women in Literature. New York: Doubleday, 1979.

Bell-Scott, Patricia, et al. Double Stitch: Black Women Write About Mothers and Daughters.Boston: Beacon Press, 1991

Bennett, Michael and Vanessa D. Dickerson, eds. Recovering the Black Female Body: Self Representations by African American Women. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2001.

Berlant, Lauren. "Cultural Struggle and Literary History: African-American Women's Writing." Modern Philogy 88, no. 1 (August 1990): 57-65.

          .The Female Woman: Fanny Fern and the Form of Sentiment," In the Culture of Sentiment: Race, Gender, and Sentimentality in Nineteenth Century America, ed. Shirley Samuels. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.

          ."The Queen of America Goes to Washington City: Harriet Jacobs, Frances Harper, Anita Hill." In Subjects and Citizens: Nation, Race, and Gender From "Oroonoko" to Anita Hill, eds. Michael Moon, and Cathy Davidson. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995.

          . "Race , Gender, and Nation in The Color Purple." In Alice Walker: Critical Perspectives Past and Present, eds. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and K.A. Appiah. New York: Amistad Press, 1993.

Bethel, Lorraine. "'This Infinity of Conscious Pain': Zora Neale Hurston and the Black Female Literary Tradition." In All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, But Some of Us Are Brave: Black Women's Studies, eds. Gloria T. Hull, Patricia Bell Scott, and Barbara Smith. Old Westbury, NY: The Feminist Press, 1982.

Blackburn, Regina. "In Search of the Black Female Self: African-American Women's Autobiographies and Ethnicity. "In Women's Autobiography: Essays in Criticism, ed. Estelle C. Jelinek. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1980.

Blanchard, Mary Loving. "Poets, Lovers, and the Master's Tools: A Conversation With Audre Lorde." In This Bridge We Call Home: Radical Visions for Transformation, eds. Gloria E. Anzaldua and Analouise Keating. New York: Routledge, 2002.

Booth, Alison. "Feminist Criticism at the English Track Meet." Callaloo 17, no. 2 (1994): 1559-1563.

Bowen, Angela. "Diving into Audre Lorde's 'Blackstudies'." Meridians: Feminism, Race, and Transnationalism, 4, no. 1 (2003): 109-129.

Bowles, Gloria, M. Giulia Fabi, and Arlene R. Keizer, eds. New Black Feminist Criticism, 1985-2000. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007.

Boyd, Melba Joyce. Discarded Legacy:Politics and Poetics in the Life of Frances E. W. Harper, 1825-1911. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1994.

Braxton, JoAnne. Black Women Writing Autobiography: A Tradition Within a Tradition.Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989.

          . "Ancestral Presence: The Outraged Mother Figure in Contemporary Afra-American Writing." The Barnard Occasional Papers on Women's Issues 3, no. 2 (1988).

Braxton, Joanne M, and Andree Nicola McLaughlin, eds. Wild Women in the Whirlwind. Afra-American Culture and the Contemporary Literary Renaissance. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1990.

Broeck, Sabine. "Enslavement as Regime of Western Modernity: Re-reading Gender Studies Epistemology Through Black Feminist Critique." Gender Forum: An Internet Journal of Gender Studies 22 (2008). Accessed 6 October 2010 http://www.genderforum.org/index.php?id=172.

Brown, Georgia W. "Oral History: Louisana Black Women's Memoirs." In Oral Narrative Research With Black Women, ed. Kim Marie Vaz. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1997.

Browne, Joy Elizabeth. "Theology and Literary Criticism in the Womanist Mode, An Interdisciplinary (And Necessary) Conversation." In Perspectives on Womanist Theology, ed. Jacquelyn Grant. Atlanta: ITC Press, 1995.

          . "Words Whispered Over Voids: A Context for Black Women's Rebellious Voices in the Novel of the African Diaspora." In Black Feminist Criticism and Critical Theory, eds. Joe Weixlmann, and Houston A. Baker, Jr. Greenwood, FL: Penkevill, 1988.

Busia, P.A. Abena. "Performance, Transcription and the Languages of Self: Interrogating Identity as a 'Post-Colonial' Poet." In Theorizing Black Feminisms: The Visionary Pragmatism of Black Women, eds. Stanlie M. James and Abena P.A. Busia.New York: Routledge, 1993.

Byrd, Rudolph P., Johnnetta Betsch Cole, and Beverly Guy-Sheftall. I am Your Sister: Collected and Unpublished Writings of Audre Lorde. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.

Canon, Katie G. Katie's Cannon: Womanism and the Soul of the Black community. New York: Continuum, 1996.

Carby, Hazel V. "'Hear My Voice, Ye Careless Daughters': Narrative of Slave and Free Women Before Emancipation." In African American Autobiography: A Collection of Critical Essays, ed. William L. Andrews. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1993.

          . "It Jus Be's Dat Way Sometime: The Sexual Politics of Women's Blues." Radical America 20, no. 4 (1986). Reprinted in Feminisms: An Anthology of Literary Theory and Criticism, eds. R.R. Warhol, and D.P. Herndl (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992).

          . "'On the Threshold of Woman's Era': Lynching, Empire, and Sexuality in Black Feminist Theory." Critical Inquiry 12, no 1 (1985): 262-77.

          . "The Politics of Fiction, Anthropology, and the Folk: Zora Neale Hurston in African American Culture." In History and Memory in African American Culture, eds. Genevieve Fabre, and Robert O'Meally.New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. Originally published in New Essays on Their Eyes Were Watching God, ed. Michael Awkward (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).

          . Reconstructing Womanhood: The Emergence of the Afro-American Woman Novelist. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.

          . "Reinventing History/Imagining the Future." In Cultures in Babylon: Black Britain and African America. New York: Verso, 1999.

Chang, Robert s. and Adrienne D. Davis. "The Adventure(s) of Blackness in Western Culture: An Epistolary Exchange on Old and New Identity Wars." U.C. Davis Law Review 39 (2005-2006): 1189-1210.

Chay, Deborah. "Rereading Barbara Smith: Black Feminist Criticism and the Category of Experience." New Literary History: A Journal of Theory and Interpretation 24, no. 3 (1993): 635-52.

Christian, Barbara. Alice Walker's The Color Purple and Other Works: A Critical Commentary. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987.

          . "Being the Subject and the Object: Reading African-American Women's Novels." In Changing Subjects: The Making of Feminist Literary Criticism, eds. Gayle Greene, and Coppelia Kahn. London: Routledge, 1993.

          . "Beloved, She's Ours." Narrative 5, no. 1 36-49.

          . Black Feminist Criticism: Perspectives on Black Women Writers. New York: Pergamon, 1985.

          . "Black Women Artist as Wayward." In Alice Walker, ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1989.

          . Black Women Novelists: The Development of a Tradition, 1892-1976.Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980.

          . "But What Do We Think We're Doing Anyway: The State of Black Feminist Criticism(s) or My Version of a Little Bit of History. In Changing Our Own Words: Essays on Criticism, Theory, and Writing by Black Women, ed. Cheryl A. Wall. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1989.Reprinted in Within the Circle: An Anthology of African American Criticism from the Harlem Renaissance to the Present, ed. Angelyn Mitchell. (Durham: Duke University Press, 1994).

          . "A Checkered Career." Women's Review of Books July 1992, 18-19.

          . "Community and Nature: The Novels of Toni Morrison." Journal of Ethnic Studies 7, no. 4 (1980): 65-78.

          . "Contrary Women of Alice Walker: A Study of In Love and Trouble." The Black Scholar 12, no. 2 (March-April 1981): 21-30.

          . "Fixing Methodologies: Beloved." In Female Subjects in Black and White: Race, Psychoanalysis, Feminism, ed. Elizabeth Abel, Barbara Christian, and Helene Moglen. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley, 1997. Originally Published in Cultural Critique 24 (Spring 1993).

          . "The Highs and Lows of Black Feminist Criticism." In Feminisms: An Anthology of Literary Theory and Criticism, eds. Robyn R. Warhol, and Diane Price Herndl. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997.

          . "Layered Rhythms: Virginia Woolf and Toni Morrison." In Toni Morrison: Critical Theoretical Approaches, ed. Nancy J. Peterson. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997. Originally published in Virginia Woolf: Emerging Perspectives, eds. Mark, and Vara Neverow (New York: Pace University Press, 1994.

          . "Naylor's Geography: Community, Class and Patriarchy in The Women of Brewster Place and Linden Hills. "In Gloria Naylor: Critical Perspectives Past and Present, eds. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and K.A. Appiah. New York: Amistad Press, 1993.

          . New Black Feminist Criticism, 1985-2000, eds. Bowles, Gloria, M. Giulia Fabi, and Arlene R. Keizer. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007.

          . "No More Buried Lives: The Theme of Lesbianism in Lorde, Naylor, Shange, Walker." Feminist Issues 5, no. 1 (1985).

          . "Novels for Everyday Use." In Alice Walker: Critical Perspectives Past and Present, eds. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and K.A. Appiah. New York: Amistad, 1993.

          . "Nuance and the Novella: A Study of Gwendolyn Brooks Maud Martha. "In A Life Distilled: Gwendolyn Brooks, Her Poetry and Fiction, eds. Maria K. Mootry, and Gary Smith.Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987.

          . "The Race for Theory." Cultural Critique 6 (Spring 1987): 51-63. Reprinted in Feminist Studies 14, no. 1 (1988), 67-79. Reprinted Changing Our Own Words: Essays on Criticism, Theory, Writing by Black Women, ed. Cheryl A. Wall, (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1989). Reprinted in The Nature and Context of Minority Discourse, eds. Abdul R. JanMohamed, and David Lloyd, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).Reprinted in Within the Circle: An Anthology of African American Literary Criticism from the Harlem Renaissance to the Present, (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1994); Post-Colonial Studies Reader, eds. Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths, and Helen Tiffin, (London: Routledge, 1995). Reprinted in Contemporary Post-Colonial Theory: A Reader, ed. Padmini Mongia, (London: Arnold, 1996).Reprinted in Radically Speaking: Reclaiming Feminism, eds. Diane Bell, and Renate Klein, (North Melbourne, Australia: Spinifex Press, 1996). Reprinted in Women, Class, and the Feminist Imagiantion: A Socialist-Feminist Reader, ed. (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990). Reprinted in Gender and Theory: Dialogues on Feminist Criticism, ed. Linda Kaufman (Oxford, UK: New York: Basil Blackwell: 1989).Reprinted in The Black Feminist Reader, eds. Joy James and Tracey Denean Sharpley-Whiting. (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2000). Reprinted in Making Face, Making Soul, Haciendo Caras:Creative and Critical Perspectives by Feminists of Color, ed. Gloria Anzaldua. (San Francisco, CA: Aunt Lute Books, 1990).

          . "A Rough Terrain: The Case of Shaping an Anthology of Caribbean Women Writers." In The Ethnic Canon: Histories, Institutions, and Interventions, ed. David Palumbo Liu. Minneapolis: University Of Minnesota Press, 1995.

          . "Somebody Forgot to Tell Somebody Something, African American Women's Historical Novels." The Barnard Occasional Papers on Women's Issues 3, no. 2 (1988). Reprinted in Feminism and 'Race', ed. Kum Kum Bhavnani. (New York: Oxford Universtiy Press, 2001).

          . "Shadows Uplifted." Feminist Criticism and Social Change: Sex, Class, and Race in Literature and Culture, eds. Judith Newton and Deborah Rosenfelt. New York: Methuen Press, 1985.

          . "Trajectories of Self-Definition: Placing Contemporary Afro-American Women's Fiction." In Conjuring: Black Women, Fiction, and Literary Tradition, eds. Marjorie Pryse and Hortense J. Spillers.Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985.

          . "We Are the Ones We Have Been Waiting For: Political Content in Alice Walker's Novels." In Radical Voices: A Decade of Feminist Resistance From theWomen's Studies Interantional Forum, ed. Renata D. Klein and Deborah Lynn Steinberg. New York: Pergamon Press, 1989.

          . "What Celie Knows That You Should Know." In Anatomy of Racism, ed. David Theo Goldberg. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990.

Christian, Barbara, et al. "Conference Call." Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies 2, no. 3 (1990).

Christian, Barbara (reply), and Gwin Minrose. "A Theory of Black Women's Text and White Women's Readings: Or,...the Necessity of Being Other." NWSA Journal 1, no. 1 (1988): 21-36.

Clarke, Cheryl. "Black Feminist Communalism: Ntozake Shange's for Colored Girls who Have Considered Suicide/when the Rainbow is Enuf". In After Mecca: Women Poets and the Black Arts Movement. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005.

          . "Knowing the Danger and Going There Anyway." Sojourner: The Women's Forum 16, no. 1 (1990): 14-15.

          . "Transferences and Confluences: Black Arts and Black Lesbian Feminism in Audre Lordes The Black Unicorn. In After Mecca: Women Poets and the Black Arts Movement. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005.

Clarke, Cheryl, Jewell Gomez, Evelyn Hammonds, Bonnie Johnson, and Linda Powell. "Conversations and Questions: Black Women on Black Women Writers: Conversations and Questons." Conditions Nine 3, no. 3 (1983): 88+.

Cleaver, Kathleen Neal. "Sister Act." Transition 60 (1993): 84-100.

Cliff, Michele. Claiming an Identity They Taught Me to Despise. Watertown, MA: Persephone Press, 1982.

Cooper, Brittney. "'Maybe I'll Be a Poet Rapper': Hip-Hop Feminnism and Literary Aesthetics in Push." African American Review 46, no. 1 (Spring 2013): 55-69.
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Cotera, Maria Eugenia. "'De nigger woman is de mule uh de world': Storytelling and the Black Feminist Tradition." In Native Speakers: Ella Deloria, Zora Neale Hurston, Jovita Gaonzalez, and the Poetics of Culture. Austin: Univestiy of Texas Press, 2008.

Comfort, Juanita Rogers. "Becoming a Writerly Self: College Writers Engaging Black Feminist Essays."Journal of the Conference on College Composition and Communication 51, no. 4 (June 2000): 540-559.

Dandridge, Rita B. Black Women's Activisim: Reading African American Women's Historical Romances. New York: Peter Lang, 2004.

Davies, Carol Boyce. Black Women, Writing and Identity: Migrations of the Subject. New York: Routledge, 1996.

          . "Black Woman's Journey Into Self: A Womanist Reading of Paule Marshall's Praisesong for the Widow." Matatu 1, no. 1 (1987): 19-34.

          . "Mothering and Healing in Recent Black Women's Fiction." Sage: A Scholarly Journal on Black Women 2, no. 1 (1985): 41-43.

          . "Wrapping One's Self in Mother's Akatado-Cloths: Mother-Daughter Relationships in the Words of African Women Writers." Sage: A Scholarly Journal on Black Women 4, no. 2 (1987): 11-19.

Davis, Cynthia. "'Speaking the Bodies Pain'.Harriet Wilson's Our Nig." African American Review 27, no. 3 (1993): 391-404.

Davis, Kathleen. "Zora Neale Hurston's Poetics of Embalment: Articulating the Rage of Black Women and Narrative Self Defense." African American Review 26, no. 1 (1992): 147-159.

Davis, Olga Idriss. "A Black Woman as Rhetorical Critic: Validating Self and Violating the Space of Otherness." In Women's Studies in Communication 21, no. 1 (1998)77-89.

Davis, Thadious. "Alice Walker's Celebration of Self in Southern Generations." In Alice Walker "Everyday Use," ed. Barbara Christian. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1994.Originally published in The Southern Quarterly 21 no. 4 (1981), 39-53.

          . "Jason Compson's Place: A Reassessment." Southern Studies 20, no. 2 (1981):137-150.

          . "The Other Family and Luster in The Sound and the Fury." CLA Journal 20 (1976): 245-261.

          . "Poetry as Preface to Fiction: Alice Walker's Recurrent Apprenticeship." Mississippi Quarterly 44, no. 2 (1991): 133-142.Reprinted in Alice Walker: Critical Perspectives Past and Present, eds. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and K.A. Appiah. New York: Amistad Press, 1993.

          . "Reading the Woman's Face in Langston Hughes and Roy DeCarava's Sweet Flypaper of Life." In Langston Hughes: The Man, His Art, and His Continuing Influence, ed. James C. Trotman. New York: Garland, 1995. Originally published in The Langston Hughes Review 12, no. 1 (1993): 22-28.

          . "Women's Art and Authorship in the Southern Region:Connections." In The Female Tradition in Southern Literature, ed. Carol S. Manning. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993.

Delrosso, Jeana. "Catholicism's Other(ed) Holy Trinity: Race, Class, and Gender in Black Catholic Girl School Narratives". Signs 12, no. 1 (Spring 200): 24-43.

Dickerson, Glenda. "The Cult of True Womanhood: Toward A Womanist Attitude in African-American Theatre." In Performing Feminisms: Feminist Critical Theory and Theatre, ed. Sue-Ellen Case. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990.

Doyle, Laura. Bodering on the Body: The Racial Matrix of Modern Fiction and Culture. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

Dubey, Madhu. Black Women Novelists and the National Aesthetic. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.

          . "Gayl Jones and the Matrilineal Metaphor of Tradition." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 20. 21 (1995): 245-267.

duCille, Ann. "Blues Notes on Black Sexuality: Sex and the Texts of Jessie Fauset and Nella Larsen." Journal of the History of Sexuality 3, no. 3 (1993): 418-444.

          . The Coupling Convention: Sex Text, and Tradition in Black Women's Fiction. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.

          . "The Occult of True Black Womanhood: Critical Demeanor and Black Feminist Studies." In Female Subjects in Black and White: Race, Psychoanalysis, Feminism, eds. Elizabeth Abel, Barbara Christian, and Helene Moglen. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. Originally published in Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 19, no. 3 (1994): 591-629. Reprinted in The Second Signs Reader, eds. Ruth-Ellen B. Joeres and Barbara Laslett. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996). Reprinted in Feminism and 'Race', ed. Kum Kum Bhavnani. (New York: Oxford Universtiy Press, 2001).

          . "Phallus(ies) of Interpretation: Toward Engendering the Black Critical 'I'." Callaloo 16, no. 3 (1993): 559+.

          . "Postcoloniality and Afrocentricity: Discourse and Dat Course." In Black Columbiad: Defining Moments in African American Literature and Culture, eds Werner Sollors and Maria Deidrich. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994.

          . "The Short Happy Life of Black Feminist Theory." differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies 21, no. 1 (2010): 32-47.

Elie, Nada. Trances, Dances, and Vociferations. New York: Garland Publishing, 2001.

Estes-Hicks, Onita. "Natalie Mann: Jean Toomer's Feminist Drama of Ideas." Sage: A Scholarly Journal on Black Women 5, no. 1 (1988): 21-24.

Evans, Mari, ed. Black Women Writers (1950-1980): A Critical Evaluation. New York: Anchor, 1984.

Exum, Pat Crutchfield, ed. Keeping the Faith. Greenwich, CT: Fawcett, 1974.

Ferguson, Roderick A. "Something Else to be: Sula, the Moynihan Report, and the Negations of Black Lesbian Feminism." In Aberrations in Black: Toward a Queer of Color Critique. Minnepolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004.

Ferreira, Patricia. "What's Wrong with Miss Anne: Whiteness, Women, and Power in Meridian and Dessa Rose." Sage: A Scholarly Journal on Black Women 8, no. 1 (1991): 15-20.

Ford, Charita M. "Flowering a Feminist Garden: The Writings and Poetry of Anne Spencer." Sage: A Scholarly Journal on Black Women 5, no. 1 (1988): 7+.

Fisher Peters, Pearlie Mae. The Assertive Woman in Zora Neale Hurston's Fiction, Folklore, and Drama. New York: Garland Publishing, 1998.

Foreman, P. Gabrielle. "The Spoken and Silenced in Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl and Our Nig." Callaloo 13, no. 2 (1990): 313-324.

Foster, Frances Smith. "Between the Sides: Afro-American Women Writers as Mediators." Nineteenth Century Studies 3 (1989): 53-64.

          . Literary Production by African American Women, 1746-1892. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993.

          . "Neither Auction Block nor Pedestal: The Life and Religious Experience of Jarena Lee, a Coloured Lady." New York Literary Forum 12-13 (1984): 143-169.

          . "Octavia Butler's Black Female Future Fiction." Extrapolation 23, no. 1 (1982): 37-49.

          . "Parents and Children in Autobiography by Southern Afro-American Women." In Home Ground: Southern Autobiography, ed. Bill J. Berry. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1991.

Francis, Terri. "I and I: Elizabeth Alexander's Collective First-Person Voice, the Witness and Lure of Amnesia" Gender Forum: An Internet Journal of Gender Studies 22 (2008). Accessed 25 October 2010.

Freeman, Alma. "Zora Neale Hurston and Alice Walker: A Spiritual Kinship." Sage: A Scholarly Journal on Black Women 2, no. 1 (1985): 37-40.

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