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menu border spacer menu gutter spacer INTRODUCTION
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A Multidisciplinary Bibliography
The Arts and Humanities
Media, Film and Television
Movin' On by Irmagean No matter how multiracial and multicultural our inner-city neighborhoods actually are, they are reduced in most Hollywood movies to an essentialist terrain of black and white male confrontation and resolution...These intimate black and white male partnerships, which exclude women, project the black masculinity imagined by white male liberals in quest of perfect partners.
Hazel V. Carby

Asanti, Ta'Shia. "Black Lesbians in Film." Lesbian News 25, no. 10 (May 2000): 34.

Ashe, Marie. "'Bad Mothers' and Welfare Reform in Massachusetts" In Feminism, Media, and the New Law, eds., Martha A. Fineman and Martha T. Mc Clusky. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

Bailey, Moya. "#transform(ing) DH Writing and Research: An Autoethnography of Digital Humanities and Feminist Studies." In Disrupting the Digital Humanities, eds. Dorothy Kim and Jesse Stommel. Earth, Milky Way: punctum books, 2018.

Bailey, Moya and Alexis Pauline Gumbs. "We Are the Ones we've Been Waiting For: Young Black Feminists Take Their Research and Activism Online." Ms. 20, no. 1 (Winter 2010): 41-42.

Bell, Katrina E. "'The More They Change, the More They Remain the Same': Representations of of African American Womanhood on Living Single". In Nature of a Sistuh: Black Women's Lived Experiences in Contemporary Culture, eds. Trevy McDonald and T. Ford-Ahmed. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 1999.

Bobo, Jacqueline. "Black Feminism and Media Criticism: The Women of Brewster Place. In The Criticial Response to Gloria Naylor, eds. Sharon Felton and C. Loris Michelle. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1997. Originally published in Screen 32 (Autumn 1991): 286-302. Reprinted in Vision/re-Vision: Adapting Contemporary American Fiction by Women to Film, ed. Barbara Tepa Lupack (Bowling Green Ohio: Bowling Green State University Press, 1996). Reprinted in Turning it On: A Reader in Women and Media (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996). Reprinted in Feminist Television Criticism: A Reader, eds. Charlotte Brunsdon, Julie D'Acci and Lynn Spigel (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).

          . Black Women as Cultural Readers. New York: Columbia University Press, 1995.

          . Black Women Film and Video Artists. New York: Routledge, 1998.

          . "The Color Purple: Black Women as Cultural Readers." In Female Spectators: Looking at Film and Television, ed. Deirde Pribam. New York: Verso, 1988. Reprinted in Feminism and Cultural Studies, ed. Morag Shiach. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999). Reprinted in The Audience Studies Reader, eds. Will Brooker and Deborah Jermyn. (New York: Routledge, 2003)

          . "Politics of Interpretation: Black Critics, Filmmakers, Audiences." In Black Popular Culture: A Project by Michele Wallace, ed. Gina Dent. Seattle: Bay Press, 1992.

          . "Reading Through the Text: The Black Woman as Audience." In Black American Cinema, ed. Manthia Diawara. New York: Routledge, 1993.

          . "Sifting Through the Controversy: Reading The Color Purple." Callaloo 12, no. 2 (1989): 332-342.

Bobo, Jacqueline, and Ellen Seiter. "Black Feminism and Media Criticism: The Women of Brewster Place." Screen 33, no. 3 (1991): 286-302; Reprinted in Critical Response to Gloria Naylor, eds., Sharon Felton and Michelle C. Loris. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1997.

Brody, Jennifer Devere. "Moving Violations: Performing Globalization and Feminism in Set It Off." In Black Cultural Traffic: Crossroads in Global Performance and Popular, eds. Harry Elam Jr. and Kennell Jackson. Ann Arbo: University of Michighan Press, 2005.

          . "The Returns of Cleopatra Jones." Signs: Journal of Women Culture & Society 25, no. 1: (Autumn 1999): 91-121.

Byars, Jackie, and Chad Bell. "Big Differences on the Small Screen: Race, Class, Gender, Feminine Beauty, and the Characters at Frank's Place. In Women Making Meaning: New Feminist Directions in Communication,ed. Lana F. Rakow. New York: Routledge: 1992.

Campbell, Loretta. "Reinventing Our Own Image: 11 Black Women Filmmakers." Heresies 16 (1983): 58-62.

Carby, Hazel V. "Lethal Weapons and City Games." Race Men: The W.E.B. DuBois Lectures.Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998.

Carstarphen, Meta G. "Gettin' Real Love: Waiting to Exhale and Film Representations of Womanist Identity." In Mediated Women: Representations in Popular Culture, ed. Marian Meyers. Cresskill, NJ: Hapton Press, 1999.

Chisholm, Cheryl. "Mothers and Daughters Talking Together: An Interview with Filmmaker Cheryl Chisholm. "Interviewed by McPhail, Fabienne. Sage: A Scholarly Journal on Black Women 4, no. 2 (1987): 53+.

Coleman, Robin Means. "'ROLL UP YOUR SLEEVES!' Black Women, Black Feminim in Feminist Media Studies." Feminist Media Studies 11, no. 1 (2011): 35-41.

Collins, Patricia. "Hate Radio: Why We Need to Tune In to Limbaugh and Stern". In Feminism, Media, and the New Law, eds., Martha A. Fineman and Martha T. Mc Clusky. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

Coombs, Mary. "The Real Real Anita Hill, or the Making of a Backlash Best-Seller". In Feminism, Media, and the New Law, eds., Martha A. Fineman and Martha T. Mc Clusky. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

Dash, Julia. Daughters of the Dust: The Making of an American Film. New York: New Press, 1992. Reprinted in Rooster's Egg. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995.

Davis, Bridgett. "Directing the Gaze: An Inside Look at Making Naked Acts."In Skin Deep, Spirit Strong: The Black Female Body in American Culture, ed. Kimberley Wallace-Sanders. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2002.

Davis, Zeinabu Irene. "Daughters of the Dust." Black Film Review 6, no. 1 (1986): 13-17.

DeMarco, Darcy. "Liberating Black Female Stereotypes." Black Film Review 2, no. 4 (1986): 26-27, 34.

Dole, Carol M. "The Return of the Father in Spielberg's 'The Color Purple'. Literature-Film Quarterly 24, no. 1 (January 1996): 12+.

Dunn, Stephane. "Foxy Brown on My Mind: The Radicalized Gendered Politics of Representation." In Disco Divas: Women and Popular cuture in the 1970s, ed. Sherrie A. Inness. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 2003.

Durham, Aisha. Home with Hip Hop Feminism. New York: Peter Lang, 2014

Fair, Jo Ellen. "The Women of South Africa Weep: Exploration of Gender and Race in U.S. Television News." Howard Journal of Communication 4, no. 4 (1993): 283- 294.

Fitts, Mako. "'Drop It Like It's Hot': Culture Industry Laborers and Their Perspectives on Rap Music Video Production." Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalsim 8, no. 1 (2008): 211-235.

Flitterman-Lewis, Sandy. "Imitation(s) of Life: The Black Woman's Double Determination as Troubling'Other'." Literature and Psychology 34, no. 4 (1998): 44-57.

Francis, Terri Simone. "'She Will Never Look': Film Spectatorship, Black Feminism, and Scary Subjectivities." In Reclaiming the Archive: Feminism and Film History, ed. Vicki Callahan. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2010.

Freydberg, Elizabeth Hardley. "Sapphires, Spitfires, Sluts, and Superbitches: Aframericans and Latinas in Contemporary American Film." In Black Women in America, ed. Kim Marie Vaz. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1995.

Gaines, Jane. "White Priviledge and Looking Relations: Race and Gender in Feminist Film Criticism." Screen 29, no. 4 (1988): 12-26. Reprinted in Feminist Film Theory: A Reader, ed. Sue Thornham, (New York: New York University Press, 1999))

Gant-Britton, Lisbeth. "African Women and Visual Culture: A Sample Syllabus." Camera Obscura 36 (1995): 85-117.

Gibson-Hudson, Gloria. "Aspects of Black Feminist Cultural Ideology in Film by Black Women Independent Artists." Multiple Voices in Feminist Film Criticism, eds.Diane Carson, Linda Dittmar, and Janice R. Welsch. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994.

Gillespie, Carmen R. "Mammy Goes to Las Vegas: Showgirls and the Constancy of African-American Female Stereotypes." In Mediated Women: Representations in Popular Culture, ed. Marian Meyers. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 1999.

Goldsby, Jackie. "Queens of Language: Paris is Burning." In Queer Looks: Perspectives on Lesbian and Gay Film and Video, eds. Martha Gever, John Grayson, and Pratibha Parmar. New York: Routledge, 1993.

Griffin, Ada Gay. "Seizing the Moving Image: Reflections of a Black Independent Producer. In Black Popular Culture: A Project by Michele Wallace, ed. Gina Dent. Seattle: Bay Press, 1992.

Harris, Thomas Allen. "Black Feminism and Queer Families: A Conversation with Thomas Allen Harris. Interview by Laura A. Harris. African American Review 36, no. 2 (2002): 273-282.

Hartman, Saidiya. "Seduction and the Ruses of Power." Callaloo 19, no. 2 (1996): 537-560.

hooks, bell. "A Call for Militant Resistance." In Multiple Voices in Feminist Film Criticism, eds. Diane Carson, Linda Dittmar, and Janice R. Welsch. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994.

          . "Counter-Hegemonic Art: Do the Right Thing." In Yearning: Race, Gender, and Cultural Politics.Boston: South End Press, 1990.

          . "Doing it For Daddy." In Constructing Masculinity, eds.Maurice Berger, Brian Wallis, and Simon Watson. New York: Routledge, 1995.

          . "Liberation Scenes: Speak This Yearning." In Yearning: Race, Gender, and Cultural Politics. Boston: South End Press, 1990.

          . "The Oppositional Gaze: Black Female Spectators." Black Looks: Race and Representation. Boston: South End Press, 1992. Reprinted in Black American Cinema, ed. Manthia Diawara (New York: Routledge, 1993). Reprinted in Feminist Film Theory: A Reader, ed. Sue Thornham, (New York: New York University Press, 1999); also reprinted in The Feminism and Visual Culture Reader, ed. Amelia Jones, (New York: Routledge, 2003). Reprinted in Feminist Postcolonial Theory: A Reader, eds. Reina Lewis and Sara Mills, (New York: Routledge, 2003). Reprinted in Film and Theory: An Anthology, eds Robert Stam and Toby Miller, (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2000).

          . Reel to Real: Race, Sex, and Class at the Movies. New York: Routledge, 1996.

          . "Representing Whiteness: Seeing Wings of Desire." In Yearning: Race, Gender, and Cultural Politics.Boston: South End Press, 1990.

          . "Seductive Sexualities: Representing Blackness in Poetry and on the Screen." In Yearning: Race, Gender, and Cultural Politics. Boston: South End Press, 1990.

          . "Stylish Nihilism: Race, Sex, and Class at the Movies." In Yearning: Race, Gender, and Cultural Politics.Boston: South End Press, 1990.

Humm. Maggie. "Black Film Theory, Black Feminisms: Daughters of the Dust." Feminism and Film. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997.

James, Joy. "Black Femmes Fatales and Sexual Abuse in Progressive 'White' Cinema: Neil Jordan's Mona Lisa and The Crying Game." Camera Obscura 36 (1995): 33-47.

Johnson, Jessica Marie and Kismet Nunez. "Alter Egos and Infinitie Literacies. Part III: How to Build a Real Gyrl in 3 Easy Steps," The Black Scholar 45, no. 4, 2015: 47-61.

Jones, Jacquie. "The Accusatory Space." In Black Popular Culture: A Project by Michele Wallace, ed. Gina Dent. Seattle: Bay Press, 1992.

King, Toni C. ""Who's That Lady?" Ebony Magazine and Black Professional Women". In Disco Divas: Women and Popular Culture in the 1970s, ed. Sherrie A. Inness. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003.

Kirkland, David E. "4 Colored Girls Who Considered Suicide/When Social Networking Was Enuf: A Black Feminist Perspective on Literacy Online." In Adolescents' Online Literacies: Connecting Classrooms, Digital Media & Popular Culture, ed . Donna E. Alvermann. New York: Peter Lang, 2010.

Kraeplin, Camille. "Girlfriends and Sex and the City: An Intersectional Analysis of Race, Gender and Commodity Feminism." Media Report to Women 40, no. 1 (Winter 2012): 12-17, 18-20.

Larkin, Alile Sharon. "Black Women Film-Makers Defining Ourselves: Feminism in Our Own Voice." In Female Spectators: Looking at Film and Television, ed. Deidre, E. Pribram. London: Verso, 1988.

Lekatsas, Barbara. "Encounters: The Film Odyssey of Camille Billops." Black American Film Forum 25, no. 2 (1991): 395-408.

LeVande, Meredith. "Women, Pop Music, and Pornography." Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalsim 8, no. 1 (2008): 293-321.

Manatu, Norma. African American Women and Sexuality in the Cinema. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 2003.

Manigault-Bryant, T., T. Lomax, and C. Duncan. Womanist and Black Feminist Responses to Tyler Perry's Productions. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.

Martin, Kameelah, L. Envisioning Black Feminist Voodoo Aesthetics: African Spirituality in American Cinema. Lanham, MD: Lexingotn Books, 2016.

Matabane, Paula. "She's Gotta Have It." Black Film Review 2, no. 4 (1986): 23-25.

Manigault-Bryant, LeRhonda S., Tamura A. Lomax, and Carol B. Duncan. Womanist and Black Feminist Responses to Tyler Perry's Productions. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.

McDonald, Katrina Bell. "Embracing Oprah Winfrey." In Embracing Sisterhood: Class, Identity, and Contemporary Black Women. New York: Roman and Littlefield Publishers, 2007.

McDonald, Trevy A. "'Tired of the World According to Young Men's Machismo'":. In Nature of a Sistuh: Black Women's Lived Experiences in Contemporary Culture, eds. Trevy McDonald and T. Ford-Ahmed. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 1999.

McDowell, Deborah. "Pecs and Reps: Muscling in on Race and the Subject of Masculinities." In Race and the Subject of Masculinities, eds. Harry Stecopoulos, and Michael Uebel. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997.

Means, Robin R. "Roll Up Your Sleeves: Black Women, Black Feminism in Feminist Media Studies." Current Perspectives in Feminist Media Studies, eds., Lisa McLaughlin and Cynthia Carter. New York: Routledge, 2013.

Mellencamp, Patricia. "Making History: Julie Dash." Frontiers 15, no. 1 (Winter 1994): 76+.

Meyers, Marian. African American Women in the News: Gender, Race, and Class in Journalism. New York: Routledge, 2013.

Miller, Karen K. "Search For TV's Tommorrow: Race, Gender, and Sexuality in Soapland." Sojourner: The Women's Forum 24, no. 4 (December 1999): 12+.

Miller-Young, Mireille. "Hip-Hop Honeys and Da Hustlaz: Black Sexualities in the New Hip Hop." Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalsim 8, no. 1 (2008): 261-292.

          . "Putting Hypersexiality to Work: Black Women and Illicit Eroticism in Pornography." Sexualities 13, no. 2 (2010): 219-235.

          . A Taste of Brown Sugar: Black Women in Pornography. Durham: Duke University Press, 2014.

Modleski, Tania. "'Cinema and the Dark Continent: Race and Gender in Popular Film'". In Feminist Film Theory: A Reader, ed. Sue Thornham. New York: New York University Press, 1999.

Morgan, Joan. "Theresa'sTime." Essence April 1996, 72+.

Nash, Jennifer. "Strange Bedfellows: Black Feminism and Antipornography Feminism." Social Text 26, no. 4 (Winter 2008): 51-76.

Nelson, Jill. "Spielberg's Purple is Still Black." The Guardian 29 January 1986, 1, 17.

Ohman, Carmel. "Undisciplining the Black Pussy: Pleasure, Black Feminism, and Sexuality in Issa Rae's Insecure." Black Scholar 50 no. 2 (April 2020): 5-15.

Parkerson, Michelle. "Birth of a Notion: Towards Black Gay and Lesbian Imagery in Film and Video." In Queer Look: Perspectives on Lesbian and Gay Film and Video, eds. Martha Gever, John Greyson, and Pratibha Parmar. New York: Routledge, 1993.

Pough, Gwendolyn D. "Girls in the Hood and Other Ghetto Dramas: Representing Black Womanhood in Hip-Hop Cinema and Novels." Check it While I Wreck it: Black Womanhood, Hip-Hop Culture, and the Public Sphere. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2004.

          . "What It Do, Shorty? Women, Hip-Hop, and a Feminist Agenda." Black Women, Gender & Families 1, no. 2 (Fall 2007): 78-99.

Reid, Mark. "Black Feminism and the Independent Film." In Redefining Black Film.Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.

Reid-Brinkley, Shanara R. "The Essence of Res(ex)spectibility: Black Women's Negotiation of Black Femininity in Rap Music Video." Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalsim 8, no. 1 (2008): 19-52.

Rooks, Noliwe. "By any Other Name: Sweet Justice, Cicely Tyson, and Contemporary Visual Politics." Camera Obscura 36 (1995): 49-65.

Rose, Tricia. "Race, Class, and the Pleasure/Danger Dialectic: Rewriting Black Female Teenage Sexuality in the Popular Imagination." Black Renaissance/Renaissance Noire 1, no. 3 (1998): 171-190.

Russell, Margaret M. "Black Women as Celluloid "Legal" Heroines". In Feminism, Media, and the New Law, eds., Martha A. Fineman and Martha T. Mc Clusky. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

Ryan, Judylyn S. "Outing the Black Feminist Filmmaker in Julie Dash's Illusions." Signs: Journal of Women Culture and Society 30, no. 1 (autumn 2004): 1319-1344.

Smith, Valerie. "Black Masculinity, Labor, and Social Change." In Black Male: Representations of Masculinity in Contemporary Art, ed. Thelma Golden. New York: Whitney Museum of Art, 1994.

          . "The Documentary Impulse in Contemporary U.S. African-American Film." In Black Popular Culture: A Project by Michele Wallace, ed. Gina Dent. Seattle: Bay Press, 1992.

          . "Facing the Spectre of Racism." Emerge October 1994, 60-61.

          . Not Just Race, Not Just Gender: Black Feminist Readings. New York: Routledge, 1998.

          . "Reconstituting the Image: The Emergent Black Woman Director." Callaloo 11, no. 4 (1988): 709-719.

          . "Telling Family Secrets: Narrative and Ideology in Suzanne, Suzanne by Camille Billops and James V. Hatch.In Multiple Voices in Feminist Film Criticism, eds. Diane Carson, Linda Dittmar, and Janice R. Welsch. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994.

Smith-Shomade, Beretta E. Shaded Lives: African-American Women and Television. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2002.

Squire, Corinne. "Empowering Women? The Oprah Winfrey Show." Feminism & Psychology 4, no. 1 (1994): 63-79.

Stewart, Nikki Ayanna. "Black Girl's Dreams: Oprah Has One View of What Black Girls Need, But What Can the Girls Themselves Show and Tell Us?" Ms. Magazine 27, no. 3 (Summer 2007): 66-67.

Story, Kaila Adia. "Performing Venus-From Hottentot to Video Vixen: The Historical Legacy of Black Female Body Commodification." In Home Girls Make Some Noise: Hip Hop Feminsm Antology, eds. Gwendolyn Pough et al. Mira Loma, CA: Parker Publishing, 2007.

Stubbs, Frances, and Elizabeth Hadley Freyberg. "Black Women in American Films: A Thematic Approach." In Multiple Voices in Feminist Film Criticism, eds. Diane Carson, Linda Dittmar, and Janice R. Welsch. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994.

Sullivan, Laura L. "Chasing Fae: The Watermelon Woman and Black Lesbian Possibility." Callaloo 23, no. 1 (2000): 448-460.

Sulter, Maud. "Black Codes: The Misrepresentation of Blacklesbians in Film". In An Intimacy of Equals: Lesbian Feminist Ethics. ed. Lilian Mohin. New York: Harrington Park Press, 1996.

Thaggert, Miriam. "Divided Images: Black Female Spectatorship and John Stahl's Imitation of Life." African American Review 32, no. 3 (1998): 481-491.

Thompson, Lisa B. "Black Ladies and Black Magic Women: Independent Film and Black Sexuality." In Beyond the Black Lady: Sexuality and the New African American Middle Class. Urbanna: University of Illinois Press, 2009.

Wallace, Michele. "Black Female Spectatorship and the Dilemma of Tokenism". In Generations: Academic Feminists in Dialogue, edited by Devoney Looser and E. Ann Kaplan. Minneapolis: University of Minnestoa Press, 1997.

          . "Blues for Mr. Spielberg." The Village Voice31, no. 11 (1986):

          . "Boyz N the Hood and Jungle Fever." In Black Popular Culture: A Project by Michele Wallace, ed. Gina Dent. Seattle: Bay Press, 1992.

          . "The Cave: Michele Wallace on Invisibility Blues." Artforum April 1989, 11-12.

          . "The Color Purple: An Amos and Andy for the Eighties." The Village Voice 18 March 1986, 21.

          . Dark Designs and Visual Culture. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2004.

          . "The Defiant Ones: I Don't Know Nothin' 'Bout Birthin' No Babies." The Village Voice 5 December 1989, 36.

          . "Ed Bradley at Ease." Essence 1983 November, 66.

          . "Multiculturalism and Oppostionality: An Analysis of Three Contemporary Instances of Multicultural Programming and Artwork." Afterimage October 1991, 6-9.

          . "Out of Step with The Million Man March." Ms. January-February 1996, 22.

          . "'Panther': The Hollywood Version of Black Power." Ms. May-June 1995, 83.

          . "The Politics of Location: Cinema/Theory/Literature/Ethnicity/ Sexuality/Me." Framework: A Film Journal 36 (1989): 42-55.

          . "Race, Gender and Psychoanalysis in Forties Film: Lost Boundaries, Home of the Brave and The Quiet One. "In Black American Cinema, ed. Manthia Diawara. New York: Routledge, 1993.

          . "Sexin' the Watermelon." The Village Voice 4 March 1997, 74.

          . "Spike Lee and Black Women." Invisibility Blues: From Pop to Theory. " New York: Verso, 1990. Originally published in The Village Voice 4 June 1988, 800-803.

          . "When Dream Girls Grow Old." The Village Voice 30 January 1996, 21.

Williams, Kim D. Hester. ":'Fix My Life': Oprah, Post-racial Economic Dispossession, and the Precious Transfiguration of PUSH." Cultural Dynamics 26, no. 1 (March 2014): 53-71.

Wilson, Debra. "Back in Black" Curve 14, no. 6 (October 2004): 49.

Worsley, Shawn M. "Loving Hip-Hop When It Denies Your Humanity: Feminist Struggles and The Source." In Home Girls Make Some Noise: Hip Hop Feminsm Antology, eds. Gwendolyn Pough et al. Mira Loma, CA: Parker Publishing, 2007.

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Updated: 6/22/20
All images, artwork, and design are copyrighted © and may not be used or reproduced without the express written consent from the following: Background image extrapolated from "True Self" © Karin Turner. "Movin' On" © Irmagean. Site design © Gwen Harlow. License to use images may be available through private treaty with the artist.
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